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The new afterlife: How tech is helping people live forever

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The new afterlife: How tech is helping people live forever

Technology has transformed everything from what we eat, to international currency and even how we fall in love. Now today’s best entrepreneurial minds have set their sights on disrupting a far more challenging (and taboo) subject: Death.

Earlier this week a Silicon Valley-based startup called Nectome went public with a high-tech embalming process it says can preserve a human brain so it can later be uploaded to a digital cloud. The idea is that an individual’s consciousness — complete with quirks and memories — could then live forever. The downside? The fatal “treatment” is only possible through euthanasia because it requires a fresh, healthy brain for the procedure to work.

“If the brain is dead, it’s like your computer is off, but that doesn’t mean the information isn’t there” says @KennethHayworth, president of @Lets_Upgrade, in MIT Review. ‏

Right now the startup is still years away from commercialization, but the industry seems to be backing it nonetheless. Up to this point, it’s been awarded a $960,000 from the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health and raised $1 million in funding (with some of that amount from Y Combinator).

Of course, Nectome’s current success and ability to top news reports around the world isn’t shocking. The death market is a booming billion-dollar industry. It’s also one more reason analysts see it as a sector on the rise not just in North America, but also in influential markets like China.

In Canada, death services is a $1.6 billion industry, according to a report by the Toronto Star. The same story found Ontarians invested approximately $2 billion in funeral arrangements.

Is the ‘death market’ the next gold mine?

 
Everyone passes away at some point. In fact, death is a universal constant that impacts every person regardless of ethnicity, occupation or nationality. This makes it ripe for disruption and a slew of new startups are ready to do just that.

Entrepreneurs are creating new ways that either preserve a person’s life or make the death process easier.

Jevin Maltais, co-founder of a legal will generator called Willowbee, is one of those forward-thinking innovators. His startup helps consumers create wills that spell out everything from marriage to end-of-life care. Kevin Oulds, the founder of Willfull, another online legal will startup sees the digitification of services like estate planning become more and more popular.

“End-of-life and estate planning is just starting to move online, and it’s an industry that has a lot of potential for growth in the online space,” he explains. “Already I’ve seen everything from online memorial sites, to Facebook’s Legacy tool, which allows you to assign a contact who will convert your profile to a memorial account after you pass away, and of course online wills.”

For consumers hoping to use death services or industry-affiliated ones, it’s important to do your own extensive research first. “There are services online now that didn’t exist five years ago where you can talk with a therapist, invest your money and make an estate plan for an affordable price compared to traditional lawyers,” Oulds explains. “The key with services like [this] is trust, ease-of-use, cost, and time commitment. Users want to know they can trust that the documents created as legally-sound – we worked with several estate lawyers to create ours.”

The money behind living forever

 
Of course, eternal life comes with a price. Willful charges as little as $99 for its services while Nectome’s deadly procedure comes with a refundable $10,000 deposit.

Death-defying startups

  • Alcor: The Scottsdale company will freeze your dead body for $200,000 US (plus another $10,000 surcharge for users outside of North America or China) so it can be revived in the future.
  • Unity biotechnology: This biotech startup is focused on extending life through medicine that halts or reverses ageing so humans can live longer, fuller lives.
  • Calico: This Google-backed venture is still top secret but it’s working on creating a way to bring people back from major illnesses.

For tech enthusiasts looking at other digital alternatives, Eternime may be able to help. The startup, currently in beta testing, saves an individual’s online activity. It later uses that information to create a digital ghost that can interact with loved ones.

So far, the company has signed up almost 40,000 users. “This isn’t technology that is decades away,” founder Marius Ursache says in an interview with TechCrunch. “Building lifelike avatars is an iterative process. Think of it like search results; they’ll just get better and better, more and more accurate as time goes on.”

While the future is unknowable, the desire to live forever is an existential issue that has fascinated scholars for centuries. It’s only now that technology may be able to solve this complex problem once and for all.

Robot vs. humans: Workers of the future

Last week U.S. burger restaurant CaliBurger made a surprising hire. It onboarded a burger-making robot called Flippy.

The machine, made by Miso Robotics, can flip between 100 and 300 burgers every hour and run for 100,000 hours on a single charge. Essentially, it’s a super cook that takes zero breaks and requires no pay.

Understandably, labour critics are worried about what Flippy, and other robots like it, mean for the human workforce. In the end, Flippy was taken offline after one shift due to human issues, but it provided a sneak peek into what will soon be society’s fully-automated future.  

As technology advances, more businesses will likely adopt fast-paced robots that can maximize output and potentially displace human workers altogether. In fact, it’s already happening now at an alarming rate. Foxconn, a Chinese supplier that counts Apple and Samsung as clients, replaced 60,000 of its factory workers with robots. Meanwhile, banking group Swedbank now relies on AI- focused virtual assistant Nuance Nina, a robot that can provide a “human-like” experience, for its customer service needs.

Foxconn Technology Group, one of the world’s biggest electronic manufacturers, replaced 60,000 human workers with robots.

While shocking it’s just the beginning of what’s to come. A Mckinsey & Company report found up to 800 million workers could lose their jobs due to automation by 2030.

Business 2.0

 
To some degree, it was only a matter of time before robots took over human jobs. Tech firms have spent years perfecting how to create better, faster robots. In the process, these technological advancements are transforming decades-old legal frameworks designed to protect workers.

Although, replacing humans with robotic workers isn’t as easy as it sounds, at least not yet. Manufactures cannot simply fire humans and replace them with robots, due to work obligations. Those obligations include giving appropriate notice and consultation on redundancies.

Jobs robots are already doing:

An example of new workplace liability issues can be found in driverless cars. Manufacturers are using the latest digital technologies to help vehicles run using little-to-no human impact.

In those circumstances, if something goes wrong a number of different stakeholders would be liable for an accident. It also means companies will need to raise compliance issues under data protection laws. Robots open up more ways to capture personal data, which make companies compliant with privacy laws. 

The robot revolution

 
Aside from the liability side, an influx of robot workers could also have dire ramifications on society. “Possible mass unemployment could lead to human catastrophes and a wave of migration,” according to a report by the International Bar Association.

The effects could especially be devastating in developing countries that rely on low-skilled jobs. “About 47 per cent of total U.S. employment is at risk,” the reports adds, while up to 70 per cent of total employment in countries like Thailand are at risk.

Fast-paced automation means robot worker issues aren’t going away anytime soon and likely impact the law long into the future. Existing regulations will give way to legal grey areas that will require lawmakers and companies to play a pivotal role in navigating the future.  For companies, this means being more forward thinking when it comes to integrating new robots into their workplace until the law catches up. Already, companies right now are finding out the hard way that automated technology can be costly when it malfunctions.

To learn more about how robots and artificial intelligence are changing the world listen to  Robert Gold, host of BusinessCast. Make sure to also visit our official iTunes page.

 

Smart cities: Good or bad?

In recent years, both technology giants and entrepreneurs have set their sights on turning today’s biggest cities into self-sustaining metropolises.

For many, the city of Toronto is ground zero for future innovation and represents real smart city potential. For example, Sidewalk Labs, Google’s innovation arm dedicated to urban innovation, recently signed a deal with Waterfront Toronto to build a tech-focused neighbourhood on its shores. The revitalization project would use data-driven technology to transform the area and improve everything from transit to connectivity.

From science fiction to science fact

 
Of course, Google isn’t the first company to see smart city potential in one of Canada’s biggest cities. Entrepreneurs over the years have worked hard to create made-in-Canada tech to fuel future smart cities around the world. 

“The global smart city market is expected to reach $88.7 billion by 2025, according to market research company @NavigantRSRCH.”

In response to increased interest, the federal government launched its Smart Cities Challenge last year. The initiative gives municipalities and Canadian firms up to $50 million to come up with high-tech solutions. Meanwhile, Montreal’s Surveyor is building cloud-based software that optimizes how much energy-smart buildings utilize and Kitchener’s Miovision has discovered how to reduce commute times in large urban centres through public data.

Using cellular technology, Miovision adjusts traffic lights in real time. This means drivers are able to get from point A to B safer and quicker.  

“We’re basically putting …. an industrial cellphone into the little grey boxes that you see on the side of the road, and all we have to do is drill a hole in the side of the little cabinet, put an antenna on it and then we’re connected,” explained CEO Kurtis McBride in an interview with CBC.

The problem with smart cities

 
For tech’s early adopters and forward-thinking businesses, a focus on smart city technology could end up being a huge boon. While on the other hand, better-connected cities have the potential to widen the already growing gap between the rich and poor.

When it comes to regulation, not enough people are talking about the balance between innovation and inclusivity, explains Pamela Robinson. The associate professor, from the School of Urban and Regional Planning at Toronto Metropolitan University, recently participated in a panel that broke down how smart technology could impact Toronto. “We need to understand how this kind of technology maps itself on all of the people of Toronto and we need to start asking more people what they desire from this technology and what their fears are,” she adds.

Smart city issues entrepreneurs should be wary of:

  • Privacy: Cities create and improve smart services by collecting vast amounts of personal data. Safeguarding personal information will be crucial and necessary as connectivity grows.
  • Government: Public-private partnerships have emerged as one of the most popular ways to help finance big infrastructure projects. Learning how to navigate these tricky relationships is crucial. Entrepreneurs looking for national guidance an look to the Canadian Council for Public-Private Partnerships or locally to Civic Tech TO.

Building smarter cities also mean dealing with new technology that can disrupt and threaten livelihoods. Just like how Uber and Airbnb transformed the taxi industry, smart cities can do the same for other traditional sectors. With disruption comes potential labour upheavals that can leave the disenfranchised in a vulnerable position.

The future is here

 
It’s too early to know how Sidewalk Labs and other smart city technology will impact the city of Toronto. However, it is clear that interest and potential aren’t going away anytime soon. According to the National League of Cities, a U.S.-based advocacy group,  66 per cent of cities plan to invest in smart city technology.

How startups can partner with influencers the right way

Social media influencers mean big money.

They have thousands of followers, command “fans” around the world and can launch global campaigns with one well-timed photo or push of a button. In layman terms, these new-age “stars” have real power. And, brands have noticed.

More companies are eschewing big-name celebrities in favour of social media stars who have huge followings. In turn, startups have instituted special ways to recognize these individuals (and sometimes even profit off of them). Think Twitter’s checkmarks, Instagram’s badges and Snapchat’s special emojis.

“Influencers [and influencer marketing power] isn’t going away,” explained Jessica Clifton, U.S. managing director for strategic growth and development at Edelman about the rise of these socially savvy millennials.

Now tech startups are hoping to get in on the action. They’re tapping influencers to lead their businesses and manage their social strategies. But, is it a good idea? When done right these socially savvy individuals can generate international buzz. When things go wrong it can alienate existing customers and permanently tarnish a brand.

The rise of the influencer

 
The relationship between influencers and the tech industry isn’t complicated. In the early years, social startups sought out and helped amplify influencers on their platforms. For instance, Markham-based Lily Singh works with YouTube and special brands across the globe, while fitness guru Kayla Itsines is the poster girl for Instagram.

More recently tech-based startups (and tech enthusiasts) have started working with influencers in greater numbers, although with mixed results.

Blue Apron, a food delivery system based in San Francisco, fired millennial star Jenelle Evans last month after customers threatened to boycott the controversial star. Earlier this week Instagram star Claudia Oshry and her sister Jackie were fired by social media show Oath after old anti-Muslim tweets were unearthed.

These problems embody how wrong influencer partnerships can go: When done right it can be a great business move, but also easily lead to trouble if done wrong.

So what should entrepreneurs do? Make sure you perform an exhaustive search that takes into account an individual’s background and working relationships. “Brands need to do more research into these influencers,” says Delmundo CEO Nick Cicero. “There are more people to keep track of than ever before, and it’s harder to do quality control. So you have to do the research to make sure some YouTube kid won’t put your brand in a bad light.”

Rachel David, a former broadcaster turned YouTube star and now entrepreneur agrees. Her agency works with a slew of influencers across Canada and North America. For small companies or startups that see partnering with an influencer as easy “low-hanging fruit” it comes with unique challenges.

“[Startups and brands] realize that they want to attach themselves to influencers but they need someone like me to do a background check,” she says. “These are things that not every company knows how to do properly.” Her advice? Companies that don’t have extensive resources on hand should work with specialized agencies who understand the changing market.

David isn’t wrong. It doesn’t take much work to find companies (both big and small) that failed to do their due diligence and ended up paying the price. Disney’s brand was hit when its Youtuber influencer PewDiePie made anti semitic remarks while advertisers were up in arms after popular influencer Logan Paul aired a video showing a dead body earlier this year.

Platforms have to be wary too

 
It’s not just companies that need to be wary. The tech platforms that help promote these users face an uphill battle now-a-days too. Critics have long accused social media sites of not doing enough to stem the negative and sometimes ‘toxic’ content influencers produced.

Earlier this month, Unilever — a consumer goods company that owns Dove, Axe, Ben & Jerry’s– threatened to walk away from digital platforms. They continue to prop sites that promoted harmful content and influencers. The announcement was huge, considering it spends about $9.8 billion every year to promote its products around the globe.

In response YouTube and Google have committed to increasing the number of moderators and strengthened guidelines for its creators. It’s a step in the right direction and puts the onus back on providers. Although, David adds it won’t completely solve the problem.”Every creator is responsible for their actions. Advertisers are spending their money, they can’t control what comes out of a creator’s mouth. What they can control is who they put as “trending,” who they recommended.”

“Tech companies will now need to take on roles they never dreamed of when they started,” says Clifton. “These platforms are growing up and now can’t focus on merely just providing these free services.”

While it’s too early to know for sure what will happen, like any maturing industry, social media platforms are showcasing how crucial it is for companies to change as they grow with their users.

Startup problems: Why founders keep getting fired

Every founder dreams of making it big.

Stories about struggling entrepreneurs who turned their startup into million-dollar businesses have captivated the industry for years. But what founders rarely talk about is what happens when they’re asked to leave the very company they helped create.

“The interesting paradox is that when founder-CEOs do really well that also increases the chances that they’re going to be replaced.”

It may sound counterintuitive, but starting a company doesn’t guarantee a job for life. Founders are forced out all the time. Entrepreneurs behind some of today’s most-talked-about tech enterprises — like Steve Jobs (Apple), Jerry Yang (Yahoo) and Andrew Mason (Groupon) — all found themselves pushed out at one point in their career.

Getting the red slip

 
Interestingly a founder’s early success can play a crucial part in their firing. As startups grow, they often bring on more investors. These investors end up on the board of directors and can make management decisions about hiring and firing.

In fact, a study by Noam Wasserman, a professor at the University of Southern California, found founders rarely last. On average, four out of five entrepreneurs are forced to step down or removed from management. By the time startups reach the three-year mark 50 per cent of founders are no longer CEO. By the IPO fewer than 25 per cent still lead their company.

“The percentage of founder-CEOs who ‘go the distance’ is extremely low,” Wasserman explains.

“People like Bill Gates and Larry Ellison, who are able to lead their companies for quite a while, get all the attention because they are rare.”

Plan for the future

 
There aren’t any steadfast rules for founders who want to stick around, but here are three things that can help.

Ryan Howard, ex-CEO of Practice Fusion, was fired twice from his own company. He suggests entrepreneurs plan ahead in case one day they’re forced out too.

It helps, he says, to tackle the uncomfortable ‘what ifs’ by hiring a lawyer who can help, he explains in Fast Company. “That attorney can help draw up an employment agreement for the founders. [It] might include things like accelerated vesting and a severance package.”

Don’t give up too much control

 
Another way to prevent being pushed out is to properly vet board members. Ensure new members offer value, share the same vision and future plans for the company. By doing this, founders can spend less time worrying about being ousted and concentrate on work.

“Founders get fired when they’ve turned over majority control of their company to others in exchange for working capital, and the investors lose faith in the founders’ ability to create value” shared Ian McCullough, engineering manager for Uber.

Grow with the company

 
Changing with a company is crucial. Like everything in life, it can take time for entrepreneurs to get accustomed to a new environment. Founders that can grow with their team and adapt have a better chance of lasting.

“If you are a founder that constantly questions yourself as well as your business then the founder concerned is better positioned to carry on making the right decisions for the business,” explains U.S. VC Guy Lewis.

Best of both worlds: The non-profits that act like a startup

Technology influences everything we do. It affects how our economy runs, the way we vote and even the medical care we access. In fact, tech (and the startups that create it) are behind some of today’s most successful social breakthroughs and nonprofits are taking notice.

The new nonprofit model

 
In an effort to emulate their success, more not-for-profit companies are choosing to run their organizations like a lean startup. For Rumie founder Tariq Fancy the startup model has proven incredibly successful. 

Since launching in 2003, Rumie has provided its low-cost tablets — that hold up to 10,000 textbooks — to youth around the world. Through its technology students can learn about a variety of topics, which include science, math and history.

By adopting a scrappy can-do attitude and implementing new technological resources, they’re making a difference in the lives of those who need it most. Just recently the company was awarded the Google Impact Challenge award for their ongoing efforts while Fancy, himself, was named one of BNN’s Top 40 under 40.

According to Fast Forward, a U.S.-based nonprofit accelerator, the number of nonprofit startups has more than tripled since 2000. A figure that proves just how popular the concept has become over the years. More investors and wealthy benefactors are opting to invest in hybrid companies (like Rumie) with a social mandate. 

To learn more about how nonprofit startups are changing the world listen to  Robert Gold, host of BusinessCast, interview Fancy . Make sure to also visit our official iTunes page.

Why VCs keep falling in love with dating apps

Finding love online isn’t new.

Dating sites, à la eHarmony, OKCupid and Match.com, have used top-secret algorithms to match singles for almost two decades. However, a unique breed of smartphone apps — think Tinder and Grindr — focused on instant matching have revolutionized the dating market.

Since then a slew of new startups hoping to mimic their meteoric success have managed to not only attract investors from across the globe but spawn a hodgepodge of imitators all looking to hit it big.

In recent years niche apps (everything from @coffeeMbagel to @Bumble and even Sizzle (a free platform for bacon lovers) have diversified the market.

Looking for a lover who must love dogs? There’s an app for it. Seeking out singles who have thick, luscious beards? There’s an app for it. Want a partner who’s a dedicated foodie? Yep, you guessed it. There’s an app for it.

But, in an oversaturated market that’s facing steep competition from new upstarts, can dating apps continue to thrive? For entrepreneurs who can outlast the competition the rewards are huge but so are the risks.

A match made in heaven

It should come as no surprise that both entrepreneurs and VCs are diving head first into online dating. Love is now a multi-billion dollar business. In fact, a report by Fast Company, found the online dating market worth more than $4 billion. China represents approximately $1.6 billion of that total, likely buoyed by its growing economy and a gender imbalance that sees men outnumber women almost two to one.

It also doesn’t hurt that in North America more men and women are signing up for online dating sites. A study by Pew Research Center found the number of people aged 18 to 24 dating online tripled between 2003 and 2016.

When done right, dating apps have also managed to rack up a large number of users and money. Last summer Match.com offered to acquire Bumble for $450 million (valuing the company at $1 billion). Tinder is 50 million-members strong and valued at $3 billion while Coffee Meets Bagel has raised a total of $16.7 million and famously turned down a $30 million takeover offer on Shark Tank.

“The singles market is growing, which means category size is growing. In 2011 there were about 300 million single adults online worldwide,” explains Coffee Meets Bagel co-founder Dawoon Kang about the ever-increasing market. That number will be close to about 700 million by 2019. Growing category size means growing revenue for dating apps that serve singles,”

How to make it work

So, what separates successful dating apps from the rest? How can entrepreneurs create a lasting relationship with consumers? It all boils down to finding an underserved market and creating unique services that provide meaningful experiences.

Happn, a GPS-focused app that’s raised $22 million, found its niche by matching people who have physically crossed paths. Through location tracking, it connects singles who happen to share the same commute, visit the same coffee shop or even pass each other on the street.

We’re a generation used to technology that does everything. Apps that connect people together in a way that’s easy, genuine and touch on with real life work and that’s why Happn works, explain Emma Mrejen, a dating expert at @Happn_app

Some of the biggest and most successful companies in recent years were apps focused on Asia’s growing, yet underserved, market that up until a few years ago had few competitors. Last year Beijing-based Tantan raised $70 million while Singapore’s Paktor brought in $32.5 million in 2016 and gay dating app Blued secured $100 million earlier this year.

In North America, more companies are diversifying beyond romance-based offerings to create new value for their users. For Bumble, that means asking users to swipe right on potential business contacts, new friends, and even prospective mentors. Tinder and Plenty of Fish also offer up friendship as one of its core services.

While it may seem like an odd prospect to look for friends on dating apps it makes sense to customers accustomed to swiping right on everything from food to love.  Of course, the future for digital dating is uncertain, but startups that hope to survive should look to new trends before it’s too late stand if they hope to create a lasting relationship.

Two startup community champions you should know

Helping those in need is no easy feat for Canada’s gamechangers. Across the country, a network of organizations and partners work hard to make a difference in underserved communities.

In recent years, a better understanding about how crucial social services are and the unique role they play has made their job even more important. And, while some believe new technology is helping exacerbate inequality, a new generation of entrepreneurs are using it to make a difference in their own backyard. Meet two Canadian entrepreneurs working hard to help Canadians from coast to coast in innovative ways.

Janelle Hinds

Founder of HelpingHands, an application that matches students with volunteer opportunities in their community.

Janelle Hinds is on a mission to boost community engagement in Canada, especially in diverse communities. The app, recently awarded $210,000 by Ontario Trillium Foundation, comes a crucial time in the country since volunteering rates across the country are on the decline. Through it, students are matched with unique volunteer experiences based on their skills. Meanwhile, it also acts as a platform for students to showcase work to future employees and find organizations in their area.

Nadia Hamilton

Founder of Magnusmode, a digital platform that supports Canadians with cognitive special needs.

The company’s digital cards help break down everyday tasks into manageable steps and come complete with instructions. Each card features unique pictures and instructions to help individuals in their day-to-day life. As a result, users learn everything from how to go shopping to personal hygiene.

“What started with my brother as a spark has become something that literally I could not have imagined,” Hamilton said. “We have users from all over the world who are signing on.” Hamilton told The Record

Three black founders you should know

It’s no secret that Canada’s growing tech ecosystem suffers from a lack of diversity. For the country’s minority entrepreneurs, it can be challenging to find the right talent and even the resources needed to grow a business.

A 2017 report by Pitchbook, a U.S.-based investment firm, found that access to startup capital was one of the biggest impediments to black entrepreneurial success. What’s more, not-for-profit group Project Diane found black women, in particular, had a hard time raising upfront money. Between 2014 and 2017 black women founders made up less than 0.2 per cent of all venture deals during that time.

Despite these sobering facts,  Toronto’s black entrepreneurs are having a big impact on the local tech scene. Here are three local entrepreneurs who are transforming their respective industries.

Aisha Addo

Founder of DriveHer, a ride-share service that provides safe rides for women

Aisha Addo, a serial entrepreneur on a mission, is no stranger to hard work. Before launching DriveHer she created Power to Girls Foundation. The Canadian organization helps marginalized young women of colour find valuable mentorship and leadership opportunities.

Over the years her hard work has earned her a slew of impressive awards. However, it’s her most recent venture that has landed her on our list of top tech entrepreneurs. Last year she launched DriveHer, a new car service that offers women safe transportation around the city. The Uber-like company only hires female drivers and picks up female passengers.

DriveHer comes at a crucial time in the industry; several ridesharing companies are grappling with how to deal with sexual assault and domestic violence that primarily impacts female passengers.

Andray Domise

Founder of Techsdale, a community tech program for youth in Etobicoke

Andray Domise may not be known to Torontonians outside of tech, but his impact can be felt across the city.

“It’s really important to get young people exposed to this early. This the direction the economy is going. a lot of the jobs that are now going to be phased out.” @AndrayDomise

The communication director for The Black Business Association founded Techsdale, a community program that teaches at-risk youth how to code. The initiative started as a way to diversify Toronto’s tech scene but has slowly grown into a much-needed resource for at-risk teens in the area. The goal is to provide black youth new career paths and make a difference in an industry sorely lacking in diveristy. “We do this because we see how much potential exists in these areas,” he says.

Manu Kabahizi

Co-founder and CTO of Ulula, an analytics platform that provides companies with tools to monitor human rights risks

Manu Kabaizi, co-founder of Toronto-based Ulula, is helping make the world a better place through tech. His company’s platform is tackling a pervasive problem that impacts both big and small businesses: forced labour.

A recent report estimates that over 40 million people are victims of forced labour or modern slavery. In fact, forced labour has quickly become a global challenge, which the UN contributes to $150 billion in illicit profits and primarily impacts women, children, persons with disabilities and minorities around the world.

Ulula’s mobile platform helps combat forced labour overseas by letting businesses monitor human rights risks, and measure social and governance risks. It also helps employees share their insights instantly to help companies improve working conditions.

 

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